Nathusius' pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii). | Photo: Christian Giese
For many wild animals, cities represent extreme habitats – with higher ambient temperatures than in the immediate surroundings and a variety of disturbances caused by humans. At the same time, cities also offer a lot of potential for wildlife, such as a diverse range of roosting opportunities and an expanded food supply. For example, some bat species prefer to use roosts on or in buildings, finding a place to rest in unused attics, in cellars or in derelict houses. Some bat species reach particularly high population densities in cities, whereas they are rather rare in rural areas. But what makes an urban bat an urban bat, and a rural bat a rural bat? In which traits do urban species differ from rural species?
“Using various indices, we analysed a global database of bat species occurrence data in terms of their spatial proximity to urban areas to derive an urban affinity value per species,” explains lead author Janis Wolf, a doctoral candidate at the University of Greifswald, whose MSc thesis in the research group of Prof. Jonathan Jeschke at the Freie Uiversität Berlin and IGB formed the basis of this publication. “We used various indicators to differentiate species who tend to live in urban areas from those who tend to avoid them. We then analysed which characteristics or traits of the species – for example average body size, wing shape, frequency of their echolocation calls or the flexibility in the choice of roost – correlated with the respective spatial preference and way of life.”
Based on the traits and spatial data of 356 bat species worldwide (a quarter of the 1,400 bat species on our planet), the team determined whether the respective species tended to have a distribution focus on urban or rural areas. “Of course, most bat species are positioned along a continuum that distinguishes urban-dwelling bat species from those that tended to live in rural areas,” explains PD Dr Christian Voigt, head of the Department of Evolutionary Ecology at Leibniz-IZW. “We found that especially small bat species, and those with echolocation calls of a relatively low frequency and long duration, which are suitable for foraging in relatively open spaces, are particularly likely to reside in cities,” says Voigt. Flexibility in the choice of the day roost seems to be equally advantageous, as this allows urban-dwelling bats to switch between roosts at short notice when disturbed by humans.
During their study, the team used different proxies for describing the affinity of bats for urban environments. “Having tested multiple methodological approaches to quantify urban affinity of species, we found that the simpler indices were as good as the more complex indices, and therefore more practical and a preferred choice for future studies,” concludes Dr Yuval Itescu from IGB and Freie Universität Berlin. This now makes it possible to apply the appropriate indices for urban affinity to other animal groups. The authors argue that identifying traits that characterise successful and less successful urban dwellers may be useful in identifying those species that are more threatened by the rapidly advancing urbanisation process worldwide, and ultimately allow to prioritise these species with regard to conservation measures.
